Ceratophyllum flowers are small and inconspicuous. The male and female flowers are on the same plant and are usually on alternate nodes. Their flowers have uniseriate perianth.
Typically, there are 8-12 linear tepals that are basally fused. Sometimes, the tepals are interpreted as bracts or modified leaves.
Hornworts undergo underwater pollination. During the maturity of the male flowers, the anthers individually break off. These anthers settle in the water. The moment the anthers reach the groove near the female flower’s stigma, pollination occurs.
The reproduction of the hornworts is via a waterborne sperm. The sperms travel from the antheridium (male sex organ) to the archegonium (female sex organ). The fertilized egg in the archegonium becomes an elongate sporangium. During the growth of the elongate sporangium, it will release the spores.
