Types of Eagles

Types of Eagles: With their piercing eyes, commanding wingspans, and regal posture, eagles have long captivated human imagination. These magnificent Birds Of Prey, often referred to as the kings of the skies, symbolize power, freedom, and vision across cultures. Found on every continent except Antarctica, eagles showcase an unparalleled diversity in size, habitat, and behavior.

This article embarks on a journey to explore the 68 distinct eagle species, detailing their appearance, habitats, and unique traits. From the aquatic hunters of the sea eagles to the forest-adapted snake eagles, we’ll uncover what makes each species exceptional. Understanding these species is vital, not only for appreciating their beauty but also for conserving these apex predators and their fragile ecosystems.

Eagles, as keystone species, play a pivotal role in maintaining balance in nature. With a wingspan that can stretch up to 8 feet and talons as sharp as a scalpel, these raptors dominate their habitats. Through this article, discover the rich diversity of these raptors, their roles in ecosystems, and the urgent need to preserve their habitats.

What Defines an Eagle?

Eagles are extraordinary birds of prey, celebrated for their sharp beaks, powerful talons, and unmatched wingspans. These features make them apex predators in their respective habitats. With over 68 species spread across diverse ecosystems, eagles are defined by their keen eyesight, which allows them to spot prey from incredible distances. Their curved, razor-sharp beaks are perfect for tearing flesh, while their strong talons can crush bones in a single grip.

• Vision: Eagles have vision up to 8 times sharper than humans, enabling them to hunt efficiently.
• Size: Eagles vary in size, with wingspans ranging from 5 to 8 feet, depending on the species.
• Beaks and Talons: Their hooked beaks are ideal for feeding on prey, and their talons are exceptionally strong, capable of carrying animals weighing several pounds.

Differences Between Eagles and Other Birds of Prey

Unlike hawks and falcons, eagles are generally larger and more powerful, with broader wings adapted for soaring at great heights. While falcons rely on speed to hunt, eagles utilize their strength and strategy to overpower their prey.

Kind of Eagles

Eagles are classified into several categories based on their hunting strategies, habitats, and physical adaptations:

• Sea Eagles: Known for their affinity for aquatic environments, they primarily feed on fish and are often spotted near rivers and lakes.
• Snake Eagles: These specialize in hunting snakes and reptiles, showcasing remarkable agility.
• Buzzard-Eagles: They exhibit traits of both hawks and eagles, thriving in open terrains.
• True Eagles: Found in varied landscapes, these are powerful hunters and iconic representatives of the eagle family.
• Forest Eagles: Adapted for dense forests, these eagles navigate through thick canopies with precision.

Eagles are not only biological marvels but also cultural symbols of strength and vision. Their physical characteristics and roles in nature make them one of the most fascinating creatures on Earth.

Types of Eagles

1. Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle

A large raptor found in open regions of South America, the black-chested buzzard-eagle is characterized by its dark gray head and breast, contrasting with a white belly. Its wings are silvery-gray from above, and the underside of the wings features white coverts with dark flight feathers. This eagle primarily preys on small mammals, birds, and reptiles, often hunting from a perch or while soaring. It is classified as Least Concern^[1] due to its stable population.

2. Chaco Eagle

A powerful Buzzard-eagle, the Chaco eagle is native to South America’s open savannas and semi-arid regions, especially the Gran Chaco. This raptor, measuring 73 to 85 cm with a wingspan of up to 183 cm, is known for its robust build and pale head with a striking black crest. It preys on reptiles, mammals, and large birds. Unfortunately, it is endangered due to habitat loss and low reproductive rates, making it one of the rarest eagles in the world. The Chago eagle has no sub-species (i. e., monotypic).

3. Solitary Eagle

A rare forest eagle with striking dark gray plumage, the solitary eagle inhabits forests and mountains in Central and South America. Males and females share similar coloration, but females are slightly larger. This species preys on reptiles, birds, and small mammals, often hunting from high perches. True to its name, it is rarely seen in groups. Its secretive nature and rarity have left much about its behavior and ecology a mystery.

4. Crested Eagle

A neotropical forest eagle with a distinctive crest, the crested eagle is found in tropical forests across Central and South America. Both males and females have dark brown plumage with lighter underparts, but females are larger and more robust. This secretive raptor preys on monkeys, birds, and reptiles, often ambushing from dense canopy cover. Its elongated crest feathers and striking pale facial markings make it one of the most visually unique eagles in its range.

5. Harpy Eagle

A neotropical forest eagle, the harpy eagle inhabits tropical rainforests from Mexico to Argentina, preferring dense canopy layers. Females are much larger than males, with both sexes displaying slate-black upperparts, a white belly, and a bold black chest band. Its distinctive double crest of black feathers is raised when threatened. This apex predator preys on sloths and monkeys, using its immense talons to snatch them from trees. Habitat destruction has made it vulnerable, particularly in Central America.

6. Philippine Eagle

The Philippine eagle, also known as the monkey-eating eagle, is a forest raptor endemic to the Philippines. This critically endangered species has brown and white plumage with a distinctive shaggy crest. Males and females share similar coloration, but females are larger, weighing 6 to 8 kg. It preys on mammals, birds, and reptiles, hunting within dense forests. Revered as the national bird of the Philippines^[2], it faces grave threats from deforestation and habitat loss.

7. Papuan Eagle

The Papuan eagle, also called the Papuan eagle or New Guinea eagle, is a forest-dwelling raptor endemic to New Guinea^[3]. Both males and females share dark brown upperparts and lighter underparts, though females are noticeably larger. This agile predator preys on arboreal marsupials – tree kangaroos (known as “kapul”) and various birds. Remarkably, it can also chase prey on the forest floor. Habitat loss and hunting pressures have placed the Papuan eagle in the vulnerable category, threatening its survival.

8. Black Hawk-Eagle

A forest-dwelling raptor, the black hawk-eagle, also known as tyrant hawk-eagle, is found from central mexico through Central America into South America, reaching as far as northern Argentina. Both sexes exhibit predominantly black plumage with white speckling and four distinctive grey bars on the tail; females are generally larger than males. Preferring humid and moist forests near rivers, this agile predator feeds on large rodents, opossums, monkeys, bats, and birds, often hunting from a perch before launching swift attacks. Despite its relatively small size among eagles, it is known for taking sizable prey^[4].

9. Black-and-chestnut Eagle

A forest-dwelling raptor, the black-and-chestnut eagle is native to the Andean forests of South America, specifically found in humid montane forests. Males and females share striking black and chestnut plumage, but females are noticeably larger. This endangered eagle hunts small to medium-sized mammals like squirrels and birds, often launching attacks from high perches. It builds large nests in tall trees, high in the forest canopy. Habitat destruction and persecution as a poultry predator have severely impacted its population, earning it an IUCN status of Endangered^[5].

10. Changeable Hawk-Eagle

A forest raptor found in South and Southeast Asia, the changeable hawk-eagle is known for its variable plumage, which ranges from light to dark morphs^[6] especially with subspecies N. c. limnaeetus. Males and females share similar feather patterns, with both sporting a prominent crest, but females are larger. It inhabits forests and open areas, preying on birds, mammals, and reptiles by ambushing from perches or during flight. Its adaptability to diverse environments is reflected in its striking plumage diversity. This eagle is often called as crested hawk-eagle.

11. Bald Eagle

A sea eagle native to North America, the bald eagle is famous for its striking white head contrasting with its dark brown body and wings. Males and females share similar plumage, but females are larger. Found near large bodies of water, it feeds mainly on fish, hunting by swooping down and snatching prey with its talons. Known for its massive nests, some weighing up to a ton, it symbolizes strength and freedom as the national bird of the United States^[7].

12. Steller’s Sea Eagle

A sea eagle native to coastal northeastern Asia, the Steller’s sea eagle is renowned for its dark brown body, white tail and white shoulders/wing patches, and bright yellow beak and talons. Females are larger than males, making this species the heaviest eagle in the world, weighing up to 9 kg. It primarily preys on fish and waterbirds, often near rivers and coastlines. Endemic to Russia^[8] (including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Sea of Okhotsk coast) and Japan, this vulnerable species faces threats from habitat loss, overfishing, and lead poisoning.

13. Pallas’s Fish Eagle

A large sea eagle found in inland waters across Central and South Asia (including Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia, China, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Bhutan), Pallas’s fish-eagle has brownish plumage with a pale brown hood and a white face. Its black tail features a broad white central band. This eagle primarily feeds on large fish, such as catfish and carp. It is partially migratory, with some populations wintering in northern India and the Persian Gulf. Classified as Endangered, its population is estimated to be under 2,500 individuals^[9].

14. Lesser Fish Eagle

A medium-sized sea eagle, the lesser fish eagle is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, often found near rivers and streams in forested regions. It has gray-brown plumage with broad wings and a rounded tail. Males and females look alike, with females being slightly larger. This eagle feeds primarily on fish, using its curved talons and spicules on its toes to grip slippery prey. Classified as Near Threatened^[10], its population is declining due to habitat loss.

15. Grey-headed Fish Eagle

A large raptor native to Southeast Asia (India, Sri Lanka and Nepal), the grey-headed fish eagle inhabits forested areas near water bodies. Adults display a grey head, dark brown upperparts, and lighter underparts, with white legs. Both sexes have similar plumage, though females are typically larger. Primarily feeding on fish, they hunt by swooping down to snatch prey from the water. Often called the “tank eagle” in Sri Lanka^[11] due to their affinity for irrigation tanks, they are classified as Near Threatened by the IUCN, facing threats from habitat loss and degradation.

16. African Fish Eagle

A large raptor native to sub-Saharan Africa^[12], the African fish eagle is easily recognized by its white head, brown body, and powerful black wings. Both sexes have similar plumage, though females are typically larger. Preferring habitats near large bodies of open water, it feeds mainly on fish, swooping down to snatch prey from the surface. Known for its distinctive call, it is the national bird of Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Despite facing threats like habitat loss, it remains widespread and is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN.

17. White-bellied Sea Eagle

A large sea eagle found across coastal areas of Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Indian subcontinent, the white-bellied sea eagle is easily recognized by its white head, chest, and underparts contrasted with gray upperparts and black under-wing flight feathers. Females are larger than males, with wingspans reaching up to 2.2 meters. It primarily hunts fish and small mammals, often perching high above water. Although classified as Least Concern globally, it is threatened in some regions^[13] due to habitat loss.

18. Sanford’s Sea Eagle

A sea eagle endemic to the Solomon Islands (Bougainville and Buka), Sanford’s sea eagle is distinguished by its dark brown plumage, reddish-brown underparts, and entirely dark tail – uncommon among sea eagles. Males and females share similar appearances, with females being larger. It inhabits coastal forests and lakes up to 1,500 meters above sea level, often hunting fish and small prey. Notably, it is the only large predator in the Solomon Islands, playing a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance of its habitat. Sanford’s sea eagle is known to engage in kleptoparasitism, often stealing food from ospreys^[14].

19. Madagascar Fish Eagle

A large, short-tailed eagle found along freshwater lakes, rivers, mangroves, and coastlines in northwest Madagascar, the Madagascar fish-eagle has a pale head and tail. It primarily feeds on fish, catching them with powerful swoops from the water^[15]. With an estimated population of fewer than 250 individuals, it is critically endangered. Known for its melodious call, it closely resembles the African fish-eagle, sharing a similar vocalization.

20. Bateleur

A medium-sized eagle native to sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Arabia, the bateleur is known for its striking black, white, and chestnut plumage, along with vivid red facial skin and short tail. Males and females share similar plumage, though females are larger. This eagle’s unique rocking flight, resembling a tightrope walker, inspired its name, which means “juggler” in French^[16]. Feeding on small mammals, birds, and carrion, it often travels vast distances in search of food.

21. Short-toed Snake Eagle

A medium-sized snake eagle, the short-toed snake eagle is found in open plains, scrublands, and semi-deserts^[17] across southern Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia. Adults have brown upperparts, white underparts, and bright yellow eyes, with females slightly larger than males. It preys primarily on snakes (70-100%) and lizards, often hovering to locate its prey. This eagle migrates seasonally, breeding in Europe and northern Asia before wintering in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia. Its sharp vision is key to its hunting success. This eagle type typically lays only one egg per breeding season.

22. Andaman Serpent Eagle

A medium-sized serpent eagle endemic to the Andaman Islands, the Andaman serpent eagle is recognized by its dark brown plumage, pale yellow eyes, and white spots on its belly and legs. Juveniles are paler with more prominent spotting. It inhabits tropical forests, mangroves, and plantations, typically below 700 meters. Feeding primarily on reptiles like snakes and lizards, it hunts from perches. Interestingly, it was once considered a subspecies of Spilornis cheela but is now treated as a distinct species.

23. Ornate Hawk-Eagle

A striking raptor of the tropical Americas, the ornate hawk-eagle is recognized by its bold black crest, dark upperparts, and white underbelly marked with black barring. Males and females share similar vivid plumage, though females are larger. It inhabits tall primary forests from Mexico to South America, preying on birds, mammals, and reptiles. As a member of the booted eagle subfamily^[18], it has feathered legs. Its striking appearance makes it one of the most visually impressive eagles in its range.

24. Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle

A tropical forest raptor found from southern Mexico to northern Argentina^[19], the black-and-white hawk-eagle is known for its striking black-and-white plumage. Its white head and body contrast sharply with black wings, a black crest, and a barred tail. Females are larger than males, but both sexes share similar patterns. This agile hunter preys on birds, small mammals, and reptiles, often catching prey mid-air. With its distinctive appearance, it is hard to confuse with other raptors in its range.

25. Flores Hawk-Eagle

A forest raptor endemic to the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia, the Flores hawk-eagle is recognized by its dark brown upperparts, white underparts, and a brown tail with six distinctive bars. Its white head is streaked with fine brown markings, and it does possess a head crest. This agile predator preys on birds and small mammals, often hunting within dense forests. With fewer than 100 breeding pairs, it faces severe threats (Critically Endangered^[20]) from habitat destruction, human persecution, and capture for the live bird trade.

26. Sulawesi Hawk-Eagle

A medium-sized raptor endemic to Indonesia, the Sulawesi hawk-eagle measures approximately 64 cm (25 in) in length. Adults display rufous-brown, boldly marked head and chest feathers, dark brown wings, and black-barred white underparts. Unlike many hawk-eagles, it lacks a crest. Juveniles have white heads and underparts. Inhabiting rainforests across Sulawesi and nearby islands, its diet includes birds, lizards, snakes, and mammals. Despite habitat pressures^[21], it is currently classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.

27. Mountain Hawk-Eagle

A large forest-dwelling raptor, the mountain hawk-eagle, also known as Hodgson’s hawk-eagle, ranges across the mountainous regions of Asia, including Nepal, India, Japan, and Taiwan. Adults have dark brown upperparts, barred underparts, and a striking upright crest, while juveniles are paler with streaked heads. Known for its agility, it preys on birds, mammals, and reptiles, often hunting in dense forests. Remarkably, it is considered one of the most powerful hunters among Asian raptors^[22].

28. Legge’s Hawk-Eagle

A medium-sized raptor native to southern India and Sri Lanka^[23], Legge’s hawk-eagle features brown upperparts and pale underparts with heavy streaking on the breast and belly. Its broad wings, held in a shallow ‘V’ during flight, and a lack of a crest distinguish it from similar species. This eagle preys on small mammals, birds, and reptiles, occasionally targeting prey as large as the Indian peafowl. Notably, it was once considered a subspecies of the mountain hawk-eagle but is now recognized as a distinct species.

29. Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle

A medium-sized raptor found in open woodlands across Southeast Asia, Blyth’s hawk-eagle has dark brownish-black upperparts and heavily black-streaked white underparts. It features a prominent crest and a broad white band on both the uppertail and undertail. This eagle primarily preys on small vertebrates, including birds and mammals. Known for its loud, high-pitched call, it is classified as Least Concern due to its stable population. The species is named in honor of English zoologist Edward Blyth^[24].

30. Javan Hawk-Eagle

A medium-sized raptor endemic to Java, Indonesia^[25], the Javan hawk-eagle is approximately 60 cm (24 in) long. It features a distinctive black crest, rufous head and neck, dark brown back and wings, and heavily barred black underparts. This eagle inhabits humid tropical forests, often in mountainous regions. Notably, it is the national bird of Indonesia and is commonly referred to as the real-life model for the Garuda Pancasila, inspired by the bird-like deity Garuda in Hinduism and Buddhism.

31. Northern Philippine Hawk-Eagle

A raptor endemic to the Philippines, the northern Philippine hawk-eagle inhabits tropical moist lowland forests. It features dark brown upperparts, a pale brown belly, and a conspicuous backward-facing crest. The head and chest are streaked, with the lower belly finely barred. Juveniles are paler in comparison. Its call is a high, screeching “week wik!” or a single “week!”. Notably, it was formerly conspecific with Pinsker’s hawk-eagle but differs by having a shorter crest, larger size, browner plumage, and plain markings on the belly^[26].

32. Pinsker’s Hawk-Eagle

A raptor endemic to the southern Philippines^[27], Pinsker’s hawk-eagle inhabits primary moist lowland and montane forests up to 1,900 meters. It features dark brown upperparts, a streaked head and chest, and a finely barred lower belly, with a prominent backward-facing crest. In flight, it displays barred wings and a fairly long tail, both with dark terminal bands. Notably, it was formerly considered conspecific with the Philippine hawk-eagle but differs by having a longer crest, smaller size, gray plumage, and heavily barred belly and legs.

33. Wallace’s Hawk-Eagle

One of the smallest eagles globally, Wallace’s hawk-eagle measures approximately 46 cm in length and weighs between 500 and 610 g. It inhabits subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests across the Kra Isthmus, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. This species is non-migratory^[28] and faces threats from habitat loss and trade. Notably, it is named after British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace.

34. Long-crested Eagle

A medium-sized African raptor, the long-crested eagle is easily identified by its prominent, shaggy crest and predominantly dark brown to black plumage. It inhabits forest edges and moist areas across sub-Saharan Africa. This species primarily preys on small mammals (98% rodents^[29]), especially rodents, but will also consume other vertebrates and invertebrates. Breeding can occur year-round, with nests typically constructed in tall trees near forest clearings. Notably, the long-crested eagle is often seen perched conspicuously along roadsides, scanning for prey.

35. Crowned Hawk Eagle

A powerful forest raptor native to sub-Saharan Africa, the crowned hawk-eagle (also known as African Crowned Eagle) is renowned for its strength and agility. Adults exhibit dark brown to black upperparts, a white underbody with black bars, and a distinctive black-tipped crest. They primarily inhabit riparian woodlands and various forests, preying on mammals such as monkeys and small antelopes. Notably, the crowned eagle is considered one of the most powerful eagles in Africa, capable of taking prey up to six times its own weight.

36. Malagasy Crowned Eagle (†Extinct)

An extinct raptor endemic to Madagascar, the Malagasy crowned eagle was comparable in size to the African crowned eagle, with females estimated to weigh up to 7 kg (15 lb). It likely preyed on Lemurs, influencing their antipredator behaviors. The species possibly became extinct in the 16th century due to human overhunting of its prey^[30]. Notably, it has been proposed that this bird, combined with elephant bird eggs, inspired the mythical Roc.

37. Martial Eagle

A formidable raptor native to sub-Saharan Africa, the martial eagle is among the continent’s largest eagles, with a wingspan reaching up to 2.6 meters (8.5 feet). Adults exhibit dark brown upperparts and white underparts speckled with dark spots, while juveniles are paler with less distinct markings. This apex predator preys on a diverse diet, including mammals, birds, and reptiles, showcasing remarkable hunting versatility. Notably, the martial eagle is known for its exceptional strength, capable of taking down prey as large as small antelopes.

38. Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle

A medium-sized raptor native to African woodlands, Ayres’s hawk-eagle exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females being larger and darker than males. Adults have blackish upperparts mottled with white, a white forehead and supercilium, and white underparts with heavy dark brown spots on the breast and belly. The tail is ashy grey with dark bars and a broad black tip. This species has a small but sometimes pronounced crest. Notably, Ayres’s hawk-eagle is named in honor of South African ornithologist Thomas Ayres^[31].

39. Little Eagle

A small eagle endemic to Australia, the little eagle measures 45 to 55 cm in length, with a wingspan of approximately 120 cm. It exhibits two color morphs: a light form with dark brown upperparts and a pale underbody, and a dark form with richer rufous underparts. This species inhabits open woodland and forested areas, preying on mammals, birds, and reptiles. Notably, the little eagle is closely related to the Palearctic booted eagle and the extinct Haast’s eagle of New Zealand^[32].

40. Pygmy Eagle

One of the world’s smallest eagles, the pygmy eagle measures 38 to 48 cm in length, with a wingspan up to 126 cm. Females are slightly larger than males. This species inhabits subtropical or tropical moist lowland and montane forests in New Guinea. It was previously considered a subspecies of the little eagle (Hieraaetus morphnoides) but has been recognized as a distinct species based on genetic analyses^[33].

41. Booted Eagle

A small raptor inhabiting open woodlands and forested areas across the Palearctic and southern Asia, the booted eagle measures 47 to 53 cm in length, with a wingspan up to 135 cm. It exhibits two distinct color morphs: a pale form with light underparts and a dark form with darker plumage. This species primarily preys on small mammals, birds, and reptiles. Notably, the booted eagle is known for its migratory behavior, breeding in Europe and Asia and wintering in Africa and southern Asia^[34].

42. Haast’s Eagle

An extinct raptor endemic to New Zealand’s South Island, Haast’s eagle was the largest eagle known, weighing between 10 and 18 kg. It preyed primarily on large, flightless moa birds, some weighing up to 200 kg. The species likely became extinct around 1445 due to the arrival of Māori, who hunted moa to extinction and altered the eagle’s habitat. Notably, Haast’s eagle is believed to be the basis for the Māori legend of the pouākai, a giant man-eating bird^[35].

43. Rufous-bellied Eagle

A small raptor inhabiting forested regions across tropical Asia, the rufous-bellied eagle measures approximately 46 to 61 cm in length. Adults display a distinctive rufous-colored belly, contrasting with dark upperparts and a white throat and breast. This species primarily preys on birds and small mammals, showcasing agile flight capabilities. Notably, the rufous-bellied eagle was previously classified under the genus Hieraaetus but has been reassigned to Lophotriorchis based on molecular studies^[36].

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44. Bonelli’s Eagle

A medium-sized raptor inhabiting mountainous regions and open woodlands across southern Europe^[37], Africa, the Middle East, the Indian Subcontinent, and parts of Southeast Asia, Bonelli’s eagle measures approximately up to 26 inches in length, with a wingspan up to 71 inches. Adults display dark brown upperparts, a white underside with dark streaks, and a distinctive white patch on the back. This species primarily preys on medium-sized birds and mammals, showcasing agile flight capabilities. Notably, Bonelli’s eagle has experienced population declines in parts of its range due to habitat loss and human persecution.

45. African Hawk-Eagle

A medium-sized raptor found in dry woodlands and savannas across sub-Saharan Africa, the African hawk-eagle has slated black-grey upperparts and a contrasting white underside with black streaks. Its tail is grey with thin dark bars and a broad subterminal band. This eagle preys on small to medium-sized mammals and birds, occasionally hunting reptiles. Known for its shrill “kluu-kluu-kluu” call, it is classified as Least Concern^[38] due to its stable population.

46. Cassin’s Hawk-Eagle

A relatively small eagle inhabiting primary rainforests across western, central, and parts of eastern Africa, Cassin’s hawk-eagle measures approximately 50 to 60 cm in length, with a wingspan up to 130 cm. Adults exhibit dark brown upperparts with white spots, a brown tail featuring three black bars and a broad subterminal band, and underparts that are either all white or white with black blotches along the sides of the lower breast. This species primarily preys on birds and tree squirrels, showcasing agile flight within dense forest canopies. Notably, Cassin’s hawk-eagle was named after American ornithologist John Cassin^[39], who first described it in 1865.

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47. Golden Eagle

A large raptor inhabiting the Northern Hemisphere, the golden eagle is one of the most widely distributed eagle species. Adults display dark brown plumage with lighter golden-brown feathers on the nape, while juveniles often have white patches at the base of the tail and wings. This species primarily preys on small to medium-sized mammals, birds, and reptiles, showcasing remarkable hunting prowess. Notably, golden eagles have been recorded reaching speeds of up to 322 km/h (200 mph) during hunting dives, making them one of the fastest birds^[40].

48. Eastern Imperial Eagle

A large raptor inhabiting southeastern Europe, western and central Asia, and parts of the Middle East, the eastern imperial eagle measures approximately 72 to 90 cm in length, with a wingspan of 1.8 to 2.16 m. Adults display dark brown plumage with a pale golden crown and nape, while juveniles are paler with white-tipped feathers. This species primarily preys on small to medium-sized mammals and birds, showcasing powerful hunting skills. Notably, the eastern imperial eagle is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN due to habitat loss and declining prey populations.

49. Spanish Imperial Eagle

A large raptor found in open woodlands and grasslands across the Iberian Peninsula, the Spanish imperial eagle has dark brown plumage with distinctive white “epaulettes” on its shoulders, earning it the nickname “white-shouldered eagle. ” It primarily preys on lagomorphs like rabbits and hares but also hunts small mammals and birds. Once considered a subspecies of the eastern imperial eagle, it is now recognized as a separate species. Classified as Vulnerable, conservation efforts have helped increase its population, which is estimated at around 530-540 breeding pairs^[41].

50. Steppe Eagle

A large raptor found in open grasslands, deserts, scrub, and wetlands across Europe and Asia, the steppe eagle has rich brown plumage and wide wings with seven well-splayed “fingers” at the wingtip. Adults are dark brown, while juveniles display a distinctive white band on the wing. This eagle primarily feeds on small mammals, birds, and reptiles. Known as the national bird of Kazakhstan^[42] and Egypt, it is classified as Endangered due to habitat loss and human persecution.

51. Tawny Eagle

A large bird of prey, the tawny eagle inhabits open dry habitats such as deserts, semi-deserts, steppes, and savannas across much of Africa and the Indian subcontinent. It measures approximately 60 to 75 cm in length, with a wingspan up to 190 cm^[43]. Adults exhibit a tawny to reddish-brown plumage, with variations ranging from pale to dark morphs. This species primarily feeds on small to medium-sized mammals, birds, reptiles, and carrion. Notably, the tawny eagle is known for its opportunistic feeding behavior, often scavenging or stealing prey from other raptors.

52. Greater Spotted Eagle

A large migratory raptor, the greater spotted eagle inhabits open woodlands, wetlands, and grasslands across Europe, Asia, and parts of the Middle East^[44]. Adults are dark brown with streaks on the head and neck, and a distinctive white “comma” mark at the wrist of the underwing. With a wingspan up to 179 cm, this eagle primarily preys on small to medium-sized mammals, birds, and amphibians. It was once classified under Aquila but is now placed in the distinct genus Clanga, alongside two other spotted eagle species.

53. Lesser Spotted Eagle

A medium-sized raptor found across Eastern Europe and parts of Asia, the lesser spotted eagle thrives in open woodlands, forest edges, and wetlands. It is smaller than the greater spotted eagle and exhibits a paler head and neck with dark brown plumage. The species also features the characteristic white “comma” mark at the wrist of the underwing. With a wingspan of up to 165 cm, it preys on small to medium-sized mammals, birds, and amphibians. Once considered a subspecies of the greater spotted eagle, it is now classified in the genus Clanga based on distinct morphological and behavioral traits^[45].

54. Indian Spotted Eagle

A large bird of prey native to South Asia, the Indian spotted eagle inhabits agricultural landscapes and tropical dry forests across Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Myanmar, and Nepal. It measures approximately 60 cm in length, with a wingspan of 150 cm. Adults are broad-headed with the widest mouth of all spotted eagles, exhibiting a lighter overall coloration compared to its relatives, with a darker Iris that makes the eyes appear darker than the plumage. Juveniles are glossy brown with creamy tips on the head and neck feathers, giving a spotted appearance. This species primarily preys on rodents, frogs, and birds. Notably, the Indian spotted eagle was once considered a subspecies of the lesser spotted eagle but has been reclassified to the distinct genus Clanga based on morphological, behavioral, ecological, and DNA sequence data^[46].

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55. Verreaux’s Eagle

A large raptor found in mountainous regions of southern and eastern Africa, Verreaux’s eagle is known for its striking black plumage with white wing and back patches. Males and females share similar coloring, with females being slightly larger. This eagle type was described by French naturlist, René Primevère Lesson in 1830^[47]. This eagle specializes in hunting rock hyraxes, although it also preys on small antelopes and other vertebrates. Notably, it has adapted to the rocky terrain of its habitat, making it one of the most specialized eagles in the world.

56. Gurney’s Eagle

A large raptor found in lowland and foothill forests of Southeast Asia, Gurney’s eagle is characterized by its dark brown to black plumage, with paler undersides on its flight feathers and a rounded tail. Males and females share similar coloring, though females are slightly larger. This eagle preys on mammals, reptiles, fish, and birds, showcasing a versatile diet. Notably, it is named after John Henry Gurney, a British ornithologist^[48]. It is classified as Near Threatened due to habitat loss.

57. Wahlberg’s Eagle

A medium-sized raptor found throughout sub-Saharan Africa, Wahlberg’s eagle is characterized by its square-tipped tail and long, square wings. It has a small crest and a dark patch in front of its eyes, with plumage that varies from pale to dark, with the intermediate coloration being most common. This eagle preys on a variety of vertebrates, including birds, small mammals, and reptiles, as well as insects like grasshoppers and beetles. Named after Swedish naturalist Johan August Wahlberg, Wahlberg’s eagle is known for its distinctive cross-shaped silhouette when in flight, with straight-edged wings and a square tail^[49].

58. Wedge-tailed Eagle

Australia’s largest eagle, the wedge-tailed eagle is known for its dark brown plumage and distinctive wedge-shaped tail. Its long, broad wings and powerful build allow it to soar across a wide range of habitats, including deserts, forests, and mountainous regions^[50]. The eagle preys on mammals, birds, reptiles, and carrion, often hunting over vast areas. Notably, it is one of the largest eagles in the world, with a wingspan reaching up to 2.8 meters. The wedge-tailed eagle is Australia’s largest living bird of prey and one of the largest eagles in the world.

59. Black Eagle

A large, slender raptor found in hilly and mountainous regions of tropical and subtropical South and Southeast Asia, the black eagle is characterized by its predominantly black plumage, with a yellow cere and feet. Males and females share similar features, though females are slightly larger. This eagle primarily preys on mammals and birds, especially at their nests. Notably, it is the only species in the genus Ictinaetus. The black eagle is classified as Least Concern due to its stable population^[51].

60. White-tailed Eagle

A large raptor found across Europe, parts of North Africa, and Asia, the white-tailed eagle is recognized by its dark brown plumage, pale head and neck, and distinctive white tail. Males and females share similar appearances, with females being slightly larger. This eagle primarily preys on fish but will also hunt birds and small mammals. Once extinct in the British Isles, it has made a successful comeback, now breeding in the Hebrides, with over 120 pairs^[52].

61. Beaudouin’s Snake-Eagle

A large raptor found in open woodlands and savannas across the Sahel region of West Africa, Beaudouin’s snake-eagle is recognized by its grey-brown upperparts and white underparts with brown barring. It has large, bright yellow eyes and unfeathered legs. This eagle primarily feeds on snakes and other small vertebrates, using a sit-and-wait hunting technique. Notably, it is classified as Vulnerable due to habitat degradation and hunting. Beaudouin’s snake-eagle is a sit-and-wait hunter, often seen perched on prominent spots such as telegraph poles or dead trees.

62. Black-chested Snake-Eagle

A large raptor found in savannas, plains, and semi-desert regions across sub-Saharan Africa, the black-chested snake-eagle is recognized by its dark brown-black head and chest, contrasted with white underparts. It has white underwings with narrow black terminal bars. This eagle primarily preys on snakes and lizards, although it will also hunt other reptiles and small mammals. Known for its nomadic behavior, it moves in response to prey availability. The species is classified as Least Concern due to its stable population. The black-chested snake-eagle is known for its nomadic behavior, often moving in response to prey availability^[53].

63. Brown Snake-Eagle

A medium-sized raptor found across West, East, and Southern Africa, the brown snake-eagle has brown plumage with a distinctive yellow eye, pale legs, and a brown-and-white-banded tail. Its wings display a brown-and-silver pattern in flight. This eagle primarily preys on snakes, including venomous species like the black mamba, but also hunts lizards, toads, and small mammals. Known for its solitary nature, it has a prolonged breeding cycle, raising a single eaglet. It is classified as Least Concern due to a stable population^[54].

64. Fasciated Snake-Eagle

A small, stocky raptor found in evergreen coastal forests and dense inland forests across sub-Saharan Africa, the fasciated snake-eagle has a grey-brown head, blackish-brown upperparts, and white underparts with dark tail bands. Its large, rounded head and hooded beak give it a distinctive appearance. This eagle primarily feeds on snakes, often tearing large ones into pieces before eating. It also preys on lizards, frogs, and termite alates. The fasciated snake-eagle is known for its distinctive high-pitched call, “ko-ko-ko-kaw, ” which it repeats from a perch or while in flight^[55].

65. Western Banded Snake-Eagle

A medium-sized raptor found in woodlands along rivers across West and Central Africa, the western banded snake-eagle has grey-brown plumage with a short tail and a large head. Juveniles are paler with browner upperparts and white-edged feathers. The eagle primarily preys on snakes, though it will also hunt other small vertebrates from a perch. Known for its distinctive “whaaat-hooooa” call, it is classified as Least Concern due to its stable population^[56].

66. Congo Serpent-Eagle

A medium-sized raptor found in the dense primary forests of West and Central Africa, the Congo serpent-eagle has brown plumage with a white breast featuring rufous wash and blackish spots. Its short, rounded wings and long, rounded tail are distinctive features. This eagle primarily preys on snakes, chameleons, and toads, hunting by dropping onto them from a perch in the understory. The Congo serpent-eagle is known to have about twice the visual resolution of a human’s, aiding its hunting in low-light conditions^[57].

67. Crested Serpent-Eagle

A medium-sized raptor found across tropical Asia, including the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, the crested serpent-eagle is characterized by dark brown plumage and a distinctive black-and-white fan-shaped crest^[58]. Its bare yellow face adds to its striking appearance. This eagle primarily preys on snakes, but also hunts lizards, amphibians, and small mammals. The crested serpent-eagle is known for its loud, piercing call, often heard in forested habitats.

68. Madagascar Serpent-Eagle

A medium-sized raptor endemic to Madagascar, the Madagascar serpent-eagle has dark grey upperparts and lighter grey underparts with distinct dark barring. It features a long, rounded tail and short, rounded wings. This eagle inhabits dense, humid forests in the northeastern and east-central regions of Madagascar, hunting from high perches for prey like lemurs, snakes, lizards, and frogs. Once thought extinct, it was rediscovered in 1993 and is now classified as Endangered due to habitat loss^[59].

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